velocity, amplitude, and frequency of the Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake - SE Asia a foldable activity, slide presentation to guide reading, and an answer key! Do you agree with this alignment? Earthquakes & Volcanoes Test Review Answers. Expert Answer. 61 0 obj <> endobj xref (Grades The magnitude is the logarithm of the amplitude of the ground wave. MS-ESS3-2. You can also download it, export it or print it out. Focus (aka Hypocenter) is the location in the Earth where the earthquake starts. Though the distance to the epicenter can be determined using a travel-time graph, the direction cannot be told. S wave: The second seismic wave of an earthquake. Doing this generates an S-P interval graph (time vs. distance, called the travel-time curve graph) from which they determine and select three epicentral distances. Identify P, S, and surface waves on seismograms, Measure amplitude and lag time on seismograms, Use triangulation to accurately locate the epicenter of an earthquake, Accurately report the latitude and longitude of the epicenter, Sea Floor Lab Help with Problem 2 - Tagged, Metamorphic Rocks Lab Instructions - Tagged, Lab exam 2 - Study guide for the second exam regarding all the labs and material covered, Redaccion de textos II Marco n membrete es aquello que se ubica en el sector superior de una pgina, mencionando el ttulo o el nombre de un individuo, una empresa, etc. 1. 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Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 61 33 Thanks for your feedback! 500p;333aXb3 \a.1. aqmd. 0000004224 00000 n 12), Evaluate ways that technology can impact individuals, society, and the environment. How might they use this information? The farther away the epicenter is, the greater the difference . In this investigation, participants will understand that S and P waves are used to find the epicenter of an earthquake by using seismograph data to triangulate an epicenter. Once three seismographs have been located, find the time interval between the arrival of the P-wave . The, amount of time that passes between the Pwave arrival and the Swave arrival is. You learned that seismologists determine the distance to the earthquake epicenter using the difference between S and P wave arrival times. How are S and P waves used to determine how far away epicenters are? If a quake is near the seismograph, the S-waves arrive shortly after the P-waves. Continue the discussion with the following questions (or assign these questions as homework): Have student groups explore one or more of the other two regions (Southern California and Japan) provided in the Virtual Earthquake simulation. www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/csm_findingepicenters_activity1, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, http://www.teachengineering.org/livinglabs/earthquakes/, Click to view other curriculum aligned to this Performance Expectation, Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Worksheet, Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes (docx), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes (pdf), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Example Answers (docx), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Example Answers (pdf), Earthquakes Living Lab: FAQs about P Waves, S Waves and More, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth, Earthquakes Living Lab: Designing for Disaster, http://www.teachengineering.org/livinglabs/index.php, https://www.newpathonline.com/api_player/enus_54_6304/LXX/index.html. For upper grades, have students work individually, do two of the three seismic area tutorials, and look up historical earthquakes to learn their magnitudes, and make data tables or graphs with this information. between arrival of P and S waves is called seismogram. How is the magnitude of an earthquake determined? HTAn (Source: USGS, Wikipedia). earthquake. Triangulation is required to determine exactly where it happened. epicenter of an earthquake, how Many updates and improvements! Tracings made at three separate seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquake epicenter. Use this information to complete the following. Note the differences in We have answers to the most popular questions from our customers. During an earthquake, seismic waves are sent all over the globe. 15 Bill Nye - Earthquakes Worksheet Key Earthquakes occur when the big pieces of earth's crust, called plates, move a little. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. I also will take them through the general process of how find the difference in arrival times of p- and s-waves can be used to find a distance to an earthquake and how using data from 3 seismograph stations is used to locate the epicenter. Finding the epicenter worksheet answer key. 0000030240 00000 n For lower grades, just introduce the concepts of triangulation and the magnitude scale; a thorough understanding of P and S waves is not vital. Finally, the location of the 3 seismographs are placed on a map and the distance to the epicenter is used to draw a circle with an origin at each seismograph and a radius equal to the distance to the epicenter as taken from each seismogram. Triangulation to Locate an Earthquake By Earthquake Hazards Original Thumbnail Medium Detailed Description Triangulation can be used to locate an earthquake. These distances are determined using a travel-time curve, which is a graph of Pand S-wave arrival times (see Figure 13.11). 3. by. Use Figure 4.5 and the travel-time graph in Figure 4.4 to determine the distance between each station and THREE SEISMOGRAMS the epicenter. question 1 of 3. 0000000856 00000 n 0000106240 00000 n The lag time for any You will receive your score and answers at the end. Sixty-seven people lost their lives, and property damage was estimated at $6 billion. Virtual Earthquake (tutorial/simulation) 1996. Thus, the Richter scale is used for measuring small earthquakes (3.5 M or less), while the moment magnitude scale is used for measuring stronger earthquakes (3.5 M or higher). Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects. Before looking at the Earthquakes Living Lab, have pairs complete the, Then guide the teams to the Earthquakes Living Lab via the living lab website at. Also commonly termed the focus. Run through the investigation yourself and record the data, just to see how long it takes. HS]o01j6R0iMm4U=wL8]BE< Adjust the timing to the class period, remembering that you will need time to introduce the investigation, clean up afterwards, and re-set up for the next class (if you are working with more than one class). Section A - Operator Information 1. Earthquake Location 2 Using the skills that you acquired in the picking P and S arrivals, you can now locate an earthquake using real seismic records. Do you agree with this alignment? Read through the sections What Is Seismology and What Are Seismic Waves?, Where Do Earthquakes Happen?, and Why Do Earthquakes Happen? to answer the following questions: What is the difference between S and P waves? To abbreviate, use the symbol M (a capital M, plain text, no sub/superscripts) expressed to the nearest 0.1. 0000002507 00000 n What data is used to determine magnitude? Figure 13.10). 83 0 obj <> endobj THREE SEISMOGRAMS Seismogram A - New York, NY 1 minute 1. Finding the Epicenter Determine the epicenter distance from three different seismographs. Have students click on the Earthquakes Living Lab hyperlink in the top left in the earthquakes section. a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). cCV&0Lw1~c\4QA!{q: N3\`Lccgb,x/if`WH3(\'q)Da'@ | endstream endobj 92 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[57 4]/Length 20/Size 61/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Facility Name Busine Child ren Information Child Name C. Child Social Security Number Type of Case being filed - Check only one category. The spot where those three circles intersect is the epicenter (Figure 13.12). The seismometers are shown as green dots. What types of engineers might use this data the most? Click on New Document and select the file importing option: upload Locating the epicenter of an earthquake worksheet answer key from your device, the cloud, or a protected link. activity illustrates how the epicenter of an earthquake is found. Epicenter. (from left to right). Describe the logarithmic nature of the earthquake magnitude scale. Focus. S waves. Engineers first determine where earthquakes are likely to occur, and how severe they are likely to be. ' endstream endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj [85 0 R] endobj 71 0 obj <> endobj 72 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream H\0y Reading Strategy. Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus. PS: We do not share personal information or emails with anyone. HTn {0,`K6}(J6]&Q^"!q57y_VQ9fp3/?Mc=KGsrrt:c\$Lh`4}>C>`qcSj0[YpZ_Su(322/N Z./$E )H %C[5ph[BUyGh7|!XPQiDjJ(|BNvylk+g;9G(#Aby>Jcf`XmnwtDD+;Z^I&Sb-4!7oi` L7 endstream endobj 78 0 obj <> endobj 79 0 obj <>stream hbb2b`b``a I @ endstream endobj 62 0 obj <>/Metadata 55 0 R/Pages 51 0 R/StructTreeRoot 57 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 63 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Fields[]>> endobj 64 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 65 0 obj <> endobj 66 0 obj <> endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <>stream minutes and P waves 8 minutes to (i. E}g7$i(=K)"aj%v]vPcYloi@X3noGX{[XucOgkdF.>Ym^fwrQf;8_Nok3w\;?n_Hhc?>k\o[%DgwJ'3d.lTqDy_aJw! Today we will be using a traveltime graph, where the vertical separation between, the P and S curves is equal to the difference in the arrival times between the Pwave, and Swave. The epicenter is the point directly above it at the surface of the Earth. Locating an Epicenter through Triangulation of Seismic Data- Remote/Hybrid/Live. The period of P waves is shorter, than the period of surface waves. 0000002544 00000 n 0000030968 00000 n Figure 2. travel time for P waves. The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. Finding the epicenter of an Earthquake by Ah - Ha Lessons 5.0 (1) $3.00 PDF Activity This lesson teaches the student the process scientists use to locate the epicenter of an EQ. 74 Earthquake Activity: Locating the Epicenter and Time of Earthquake . 4. 0000002383 00000 n This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. Record your answer from Lab Exercise #2, Step 1. 0000009174 00000 n They use three seismographs in a process called triangulation to determine earthquake epicenters. Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Explain the difference between S and P waves, and how their time interval is used to determine the epicenter location. The farther a station is from the endstream endobj startxref Most of these earthquakes are small tremors that cant be felt by people, but occasionally an earthquake occurs on a large magnitude that causes millions of dollars in property damage and kills hundreds to thousands of people. time for any point that is 3,000 miles The western U.S. has more faults than the eastern U.S., and therefore the western U.S. has more earthquakes. The three seismograms in this activity are unfi ltered station records from a single event that occurred on August 1, 1999. longer or shorter). Three seismographs are needed. Activity 4: Locating an Earthquake Epicenter Examining Seismograms The three basic types of seismic wave generated by an earthquake at its focus are Pwaves, Swaves, and Surface waves. waves from a distant earthquake. Upload a document. EARTHQUAKES: Epicenter Determination and Seismic Waves First locate and mark the three seismic stations on the world map provided below. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/, USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002). Use Figure 5 and the travel-time graph in Figure 4 to determine . Swaves arrive at the seismic station after the Pwaves. hb```f``Rl@ (l"`+uk?0.a~@6Vm;| G3f`75@v@Wz|A4#w9{(` ) Students learn about factors that engineers take into consideration when designing buildings for earthquake-prone regions. In this 1-to-10 logarithmic scale, each succeeding level representing 10 times as much energy as the last. approximate period of the surface waves in seconds? After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, When an earthquake strikes, P waves arrive at a seismograph rst and S waves next. So the difference in the P- and S-wave arrival times determines the distance between the epicenter and a seismometer. 0000001736 00000 n American Geosciences Institute. [k0 |`2dGXGGGd00A(60P-e = F5n -f$ C 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key (PDF) - skislah.edu Web12-earthquake-location-lab-answer-key 1/1 Downloaded from skislah.edu.my on February 15, 2023 by guest 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key Right here, we have countless ebook 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key and collections to check out. If you draw a circle on a map around three different seismographs where the radius of each is the distance from that station to the earthquake, the intersection of those three circles is the epicenter. 0000010002 00000 n 1) Identify the general term for waves released from an earthquake. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The Richter scale was created in the 1930s to assign a single number to quantify the energy released during earthquakes. minutes = 6 minutes. d>(ZvO= Question: ACTIVITY 2B Locating an Earthquake Figure 5 shows seismograms for the same earthquake recorded at three locations-New York; Nome, Alaska; and Mexico City. 0000007097 00000 n Do you think we will someday be able to prevent earthquakes? 5 4. The USGS now uses the MMS to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes. Earthquakes and Seismic Waves Key Concepts . 100 km 4.1 km/s 24.4 s; Finding the epicenter (continued) data table analyze and conclude answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Figure 2 is a seismic wave travel-time 0000002658 00000 n 3. epicenter - the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus, or origin, of an earthquake. Nov 2, 2020 Triangulation is used to determine the location of an earthquake. The distance to the earthquake epicenter is then determined using the "Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time" graph. The USGS and its partners monitor and report earthquakes, assess earthquake impacts and hazards, and . Activity 4: Locating an Earthquake Epicenter, The three basic types of seismic wave generated by an earthquake at its focus are P, waves, Swaves, and Surface waves. In this activity, students use an online simulationVirtual Earthquakethat is accessible through the Earthquakes Living Lab interface, to locate the epicenter of an earthquake by making simple measurement on three seismograms, recordings of an earthquake's seismic waves detected by instruments (seismographs) far away from the earthquake. 0000003966 00000 n P and Swaves are body waves and travelthrough the interior of the earth. To accurately locate an earthquake epicenter, records from three. X!.43p2t!}SLx-3z.KN4X+H\+vk? Fill Locating The Epicenter Of An Earthquake Worksheet Answers, Edit online. Share with Classes. How do we determine the epicenter of an earthquake? (Source: USGS, Wikipedia). What did it feel like? How many minutes elapsed between the arrival of the first P wave and the last measurable Collect any giveaways for the students, such as earthquake posters or plate tectonic fliers. 6. Legal. Then do the same for the S-wave. However, please review it for the specific setting, materials, students, and conventional safety precautions. use slide 6 and answer key slide 7 how can i locate the earthquake epicenter michigan web the epicenter of the earthquake is somewhere on the edge of that circle do the 0000001746 00000 n View Notes - Locating_an_epicenter_activity from SCIENCE Earth Scie at Toms River High North. to the lag time measured at this location? 0 0000003855 00000 n The simulation renders three circles on a map and directs students to find the epicenter. How does distance from the epicenter affect the S-P time interval? Alignment agreement: Must engineers be content with mitigating disasters, instead of preventing them? The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. While no one can predict earthquakes, knowing the intensities, frequencies and locations of past earthquakes and fault planes helps us to better anticipate the locations and forces to expect, so we can do our best to prepare our communities and infrastructure to withstand them safely. One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. Scientists and engineers around the globe gather data through observation and experimentation and use it to describe and understand how the world works. Epicenter is the location on the surface of the Earth directly above where the earthquake starts. Answer Key: Lab 5 Earthquakes - Find People EARTHQUAKES: Epicenter Determination and Seismic Waves . 0000030504 00000 n What is an earthquake? The Earthquakes Living Lab gives students the chance to track earthquakes across the planet and examine where, why and how they are occurring. 9 - consider a seismograph stationed 3, 1. Q(_?!6YV3B"\'9:4gTp*7^/P.X!skfkJ)1nG#a\{UD+iWM+ rQR]9SFTUPlM#"c:;tnsQPlu]Uyv?Ge}W;8cMA/x}'5clES~+}S+N7}wQ:/BkmI^" 5oqaBC[TRjq4.e}F:SQg{=u\xcg~EaZKReoC?oahJ` 'w endstream endobj 77 0 obj <>stream A circle is drawn from each of the three different seismograph locations, where the radius of each circle is equal to the distance from that station to the epicenter. Figure 8. $8.25. Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation and make claims about specific causes and effects. 0000006984 00000 n Tips: Make sure students are reading the S waves and not the P waves. Refer to the data table and use the difference in arrival times to determine the distance to the earthquake epicenter for Station 2. To complete the activity, some prior . Since the 1970s, the use of the Richter magnitude scale has largely been replaced in the scientific community by the moment magnitude scale (MMS). HTn0"H@w=s(vxk8OM1px-{$_!o5|CS7RPr#V(0CUa%ZkuT9t};D Jj=.9,z!#@n5YCu>R88tfFRX=iRK Civil engineers, who design houses, apartment buildings, schools, skyscrapers, bridges, highways, tunnels, water treatment facilities, factories and other structures, may use this data to help them create safer structures that are less likely to sustain damage during earthquakes. 1,000 miles from the epicenter of an earthquake? S-P interval: The time interval between the arrivals of P and S waves. Once three seismographs have been located, find the time interval between the arrival of the P-wave and the arrival of the S-wave. hbbd``b`$C`q9 X_$_g`bdxc`X /g$=#!$EbBbhD!,x so^6Uc})\uJs=fyY}j'|YjTm8B_[}*Ovm\[J'.mu?lQg,wzJM^X&P w>-T%*h%J4 yB@VPmP]@D------------,2dfY$"A!ANAASi)4$dniiiinH% Gxt5DJ) )9RRr$II'y ??O's^3@[{*{VT?nsNS!ilq]mFO?? P wave: The first seismic wave of an earthquake. This section explains what earthquakes and faults are and what causes earthquakes. Draw your signature, type it, upload its image, or use your mobile device as a signature pad. If the lag time were measured at a location closer to the epicenter, The period of a wave is the time between two adj, How does the period of the P waves compare to t. Use data from seismograms to locate the epicenters of earthquakes. 11 minutes elapsed between the first P wave and the last measurable surface wave. [*aiLG?+J\QI86~}ooRrr!pm}dk@dBbZPMZlC4C\9^ SM.R\!H+$|+DUzt^w{" %&{KXjT'9yzT^UFe:+f(`PU_9%EW@\)?i qp!\G Z endstream endobj 75 0 obj <>stream epicenter, the longer the lag time measured Activity4:LocatinganEarthquakeEpicenter Objectives:Ifyoucompletealltheproblems,youshouldbeableto: Identif The time The longer the time is between the P-and S-wave . Earthquakes can also cause tsunamis, which are very large waves that can damage coastlines and put coastal residents in danger. Activity: Locating an Earthquake Epicenter Lecture 3 Damage from the earthquake was widespread, but the actual location of the earthquake (the epicenter) DocHub v5.1.1 Released! Accessed December 11, 2013. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php. Shear wave from earthquake, moving slower than primary waves, through solid material only. Apr 8, 2020 One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. %%EOF Richter magnitude scale: An earthquake measurement scale created in the 1930s to assign a single number to quantify the energy released during earthquakes. This activity is designed around the Earthquakes Living Lab, a resource and online interface that uses real-time U.S. Geological Survey seismic data from around the world. Pwaves have the greatest velocity and reach the, seismic station first. ACTIVITY 4.2B Locating an Earthquake Figure 4.5 shows seismograms for the same earthquake recorded at three locations - New York, Nome, Alaska, and Mexico City. Ch Person/Attorney Filing: - Superior Court - Maricopa County - superiorcourt maricopa. Using historical seismographs, engineers forecast the strength or magnitude of earthquakes and make predictions and determine building codes and safety protocols. Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. 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Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. hWmo9+[+UH EkNB|6YiaVJ=cRh7{T1R,5LI1$K=s)XR&87@&$LTPLutlcyNuzjf--\?qaXZM&HM.Eg"HnTqSWqN0&~2kf0 Md|d&:zhe)7I? Material is sheared side to side, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Please answer the following questions using the earthquake video shake, shake, shake. Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab Answer Key buysms de. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), 0000002094 00000 n The point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus and the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. Specifically, seismographs make recordings (seismograms) of the seismic waves generated from earthquakes, providing engineers and other researchers with data that they use to make predictions about future earthquakes. (Grades 9 - 12). Great exercise for Regents Earth Science. 0000001861 00000 n The spot where those three circles intersect is the epicenter (Figure 13.12). Quick Tips. Cross), Give Me Liberty! Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. Therefore, the lag Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. Subjects: Then from the same recordings they determine the earthquake's magnitude, an estimate of the amount of energy released during the earthquake. Describe what the "magnitude" of an earthquake is. 0000115324 00000 n 0000004457 00000 n Richter scale Method of earthquake measurement based on the amplitude of seismic . We additionally manage to pay for . Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 01. Make changes to the sample. *The NGSS logo is a registered trademark of WestEd. Make arrangements so that each student group has a computer with Internet access. Use the process of triangulation to locate an earthquake's epicenter. 0000053998 00000 n Students first triangulate the location of an earthquake's epicenter, then calculate its magnitude. !5(~q* So next, students compute the magnitude of this same earthquake by looking at the three simplified seismograms again, but this time selecting each's maximum S wave amplitude (height). All the arcs should intersect at a common point - the epicenter. Introduction: Before student pairs look at the Earthquakes Living Lab, direct them to complete the Engage section of the Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Worksheet, which asks them to apply any prior knowledge and/or speculate as to what the Richter magnitude scale is and what an epicenter is. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. 12), Analyze and interpret data about natural hazards using direct and indirect evidence (, Have any of you ever experienced an earthquake or know anyone who has? If you complete all the problems, you should be able to: Identify P, S, and surface waves on a simple seismogram. Copyright USGS http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php. locate and label the epicenter of the earthquake on this map. How does the lag time change as you get farther and (Source: USGS). 0000002250 00000 n How can you locate an earthquake's epicenter? Assess their understanding based on the thoroughness of their answers. P wave. 12), Seek, evaluate, and use a variety of specialized resources available from libraries, the Internet, and the community to find scientific information on Earth's history 0000001533 00000 n Before going to the classroom, you will need to: Provide each student, with the following: Earthquakes occur every day all over the United States and all over the world. Multiply the difference by 8.4 to estimate the distance, in kilometers, from the seismograph station to the epicenter. 0000001978 00000 n What data is used to determine magnitude? Focal Depth. It is slower than the same earthquake's P wave and cannot travel through liquids. Ask students what fault they think caused this earthquake. earthquake lab lab: locating the epicenters of earthquakes objective measurable learning outcomes use data from seismograms to locate the epicenters of Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Western Governors University Southern New Hampshire University Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media. Contact the teacher to find out the length of the class period, as well as how many copies of handouts and sets of materials you need to bring. Copyright 2023. For this activity, select the "Chile" box. In Figure 13.9, there is an example seismogram from a station that includes a minor earthquake. Students learn what causes earthquakes, how we measure and locate them, and their effects and consequences. 0000001893 00000 n minutes? 13 4 locating an earthquake epicenter geosciences libretexts . A circle with a radius of the distance to the quake can be drawn. (Figure 3):. Mr Gneiss. 0000033429 00000 n What was the lag time (in minutes) at this location? The process is called triangulation. Notify the classroom teacher of technology needs (overhead projector). Success is figuring out that the epicenter is just off the coast of Chile, where the three circles intersect. In this activity, the epicenter of the earthquake is in the center of Los Angeles, CA. Short for "secondary wave" or "shear wave." To make a magnitude determination, two measurements are needed: the S-P interval (already determined earlier in the tutorial) and the maximum amplitude of the seismic waves. 87 0 obj <> endobj xref 87 28 0000000016 00000 n ya{I;W@DgMN2:UtbT=*+cY1.8Vm(u3Zt"J @9TAjJH@H_F3n7\Srdw~gAR#JQGj`ueS! Seismograms